Table 2 Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics by treatment group allocation

Study Group

Intervention

30(65.2)

-

-

-

Control

16(34.8)

-

-

Gender

Male

41(89.1)

26(86.7)

15(93.8)

0.645

Female

5(10.9)

4(13.3)

1(6.3)

Age in Years

Mean (SD)

32.0 (8.7)

31.9 (9.0)

32.1(8.6)

0.962

Median

28.5

28.5

30.5

Range

22–63

23–63

22–49

IQR

10.5

10.3

12.3

Education Level

Primary and below

23(50.0)

14(46.7)

9(56.3)

0.162

Secondary/ High School

13(28.3)

7(23.3)

6(37.5)

College / University

10(21.7)

9(30.0)

1(6.3)

Marital Status

Married

14(30.4)

10(33.3)

4(25.0)

0.435

Divorced or separated

20(43.5)

11(36.7)

9(56.3)

Single

12(26.1)

9(30.0)

3(18.8)

Employment Status

Employed

28(60.9)

17(56.7)

11(68.8)

0.533

Unemployed

18(39.1)

13(43.3)

5(31.3)

Monthly Income

 < 20,000 Ksh

40(87.0)

24(80.0)

16(100.0)

0.078

 > 20, 000 Ksh

6(13.0)

6(20.0)

0(0.0)

Age at First Use

11–15 Years

6(13.0)

6(20.0)

0(0.0)

0.045

16–20 Years

28(60.9)

19(63.3)

9(56.3)

21 + Years

12(26.1)

5(16.7)

7(43.8)

Adverse Childhood Experiences

No

12(26.1)

6(20.0)

6(37.5)

0.292

Yes

34(73.9)

24(80.0)

10(62.5)

Gambling Behavior

No

21(45.7)

13(43.3)

8(50.0)

0.760

Yes

25(54.3)

17(56.7)

8(50.0)

Number of years in methadone treatment

Less than 1 year

11(23.9)

6(20)

5(31.3)

0.195

1–3 Years

20(43.4)

12(40.0)

8(50.0)

4–5 Years

15(32.6)

12(40.0)

3(18.8)

Status at Baseline

Continuing treatment

16(34.8)

13(43.3)

3(18.8)

0.246

New

12(26.1)

7(23.3)

5(31.3)

Reinduction

18(39.1)

10(33.3)

8(50.0)

Medical comorbidity

No

42(91.3)

27(90.0)

15(93.8)

1.000

Yes

4(8.7)

3(10.0)

1(6.3)

Psychiatry comorbidity

 MDE

No

36(78.3)

24(80.0)

12(75.0)

0.720

Yes

10(21.7)

6(20.0)

4(25.0)

 Suicidality

No

38(82.6)

25(83.3)

13(81.3)

1.000

Yes

8(17.4)

5(16.7)

3(18.8)

 Posttraumatic stress disorder

No

32(69.6)

22(73.3)

10(62.5)

0.512

Yes

14(30.4)

8(26.7)

6(37.5)

 Generalized Anxiety Disorder

No

39(84.8)

26(86.7)

13(81.3)

0.681

Yes

7(15.2)

4(13.3)

3(18.8)

 Antisocial personality disorder

No

27(58.7)

17(56.7)

10(62.5)

0.762

Yes

19(41.3)

13(43.3)

6(37.5)

Current substance use (based on UDS)

 Amphetamines

No

45(97.8)

29(96.7)

16(100.0)

1.000

Yes

1(2.2)

1(3.3)

0(0.0)

 Barbiturates

No

45(97.8)

30(100.0)

15(93.8)

0.348

Yes

1(2.2)

0(0.0)

1(6.3)

 Marijuana

No

5(10.9)

4(13.3)

1(6.3)

0.645

Yes

41(89.1)

26(86.7)

15(93.8)

 Benzodiazepines

No

31(67.4)

19(63.3)

12(75.0)

0.520

Yes

15(32.6)

11(36.7)

4(25.0)

 Phencyclidine

No

42(91.3)

27(90.0)

15(93.8)

1.000

Yes

4(8.7)

3(10.0)

1(6.3)

Self-efficacy – DTCQ scores

 DCTCQ-8

Low self-Efficacy

7(15.2)

5(16.7)

2(12.5)

0.167

Moderate Self-efficacy

29(63.0)

21(70.0)

8(50.0)

High Self-efficacy

10(21.7)

4(13.3)

6(37.5)

 DCTCQ-8 scores

Mean ± SD

56.2 ± 30.2

50.4 ± 27.4

67.0 ± 33.1

0.075

Quality of life—WHOQOLBREF Scores

 Physical Quality of life

Mean ± SD

60.9 ± 18.0

59.0 ± 17.2

65.1 ± 19.7

0.315

 Psychological Quality of life

Mean ± SD

63.6 ± 17.6

64.2 ± 17.0

62.2 ± 19.4

0.738

 Social Quality of life

Mean ± SD

57.6 ± 21.3

57.5 ± 21.4

57.7 ± 22.2

0.979

 Environmental Quality of life

Mean ± SD

52.1 ± 16.3

50.8 ± 15.7

55.0 ± 17.8

0.442

Current methadone dose

Mean ± SD

50.9 ± 20.7

53.8 ± 21.3

45.3 ± 18.8

0.186