Table 2 Summary of outcomes, outcome measures, data sources and timepoints of data collection

Attendance at scheduled haemodialysis sessions

Difference in participants’ attendance rates in intervention compared to control phases

Data collected from electronic medical record

Each dialysis session, by research nurse

Adherence to fluid allowances between scheduled haemodialysis sessions

Difference in participants’ adherence to no more than 1kg average daily weight gain between dialysis sessions in intervention compared to control phases

Weights as recorded in electronic medical record (pre dialysis weight minus post dialysis weight from previous session, divided by the number of days between sessions)

Each dialysis session, by research nurse

Health-related quality of life and engagement with self-care

Changes in participants’ self-rating of quality of life

AQoL scale, administered verbally

At three timepoints – recruitment, washout week, week following completion of trial participation, by research nurse

Depression and anxiety

Changes in depression and anxiety scores

Kessler Psychological Distress Scale – 5 (K-5), administered verbally

At three timepoints – recruitment, washout week, week following completion of trial participation, by research nurse

Patient participants’ satisfaction with VR experience

Patient feedback

Conversational interview with participant, consistent with a ‘yarning’ approach of Indigenous research

Conducted the week following participant’s involvement in the intervention phase by researchers, research nurse. Combined with any notes of participants’ comments made during the intervention phase

Usage of headsets

Amount of time headsets used by each participant

Data downloaded directly from VR headset

Paper record of participants’ use or decline to use

Following completion of intervention phase, by researchers

Completed by clinicians, researchers each scheduled date

Clinicians’ satisfaction with VR

Cross-sectional survey of nurses working in the renal unit

Specially designed questionnaire to ascertain perceptions about the acceptability, usability, feasibility of using VR during haemodialysis sessions

Invitation to complete the electronic questionnaire sent by email. Access to survey was either by clicking on a link to the survey or on a QR code. A reminder email was sent two weeks following initial email. Surveys were accessible for three weeks