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Table 3 Differential daily mean vas score parameter estimates for pre-during and pre-post exposure reported pain scores between the vr and control groups

From: An exploratory randomized controlled trial of virtual reality as a non-pharmacological adjunctive intervention for adults with chronic cancer-related pain

 

VR

Control

 

Predictor

VAS Pre-exposure Mean (SE)

VAS Mean (SE)

VAS

Change (SE)

VAS Pre-exposure Mean (SE)

VAS Mean (SE)

VAS

Change (SE)

Group Differential *

VR vs Control, (95%CI)

Overall

 Pre-during

45.66 (2.25)

36.02 (2.25)

-9.64 (0.63)

41.77 (2.28)

34.21 (2.28)

-7.56 (0.63)

-2.08 (-3.86, -0.30)

 Pre-post

45.66 (2.25)

37.75 (2.25)

-7.91 (0.63)

41.77 (2.28)

33.34 (2.28)

-8.43 (0.63)

0.53 (-1.24, 2.37)

CL/WN

 Pre-during

45.87 (2.50)

33.5 (2.50)

-12.37 (1.14)

40.07 (2.53)

31.01 (2.53)

-9.07 (1.16)

-3.30 (-6.49, -0.25)

 Pre-post

45.87 (2.50)

37.74 (2.50)

-8.12 (1.14)

40.07 (2.53)

33.58 (2.53)

-6.49 (1.16)

-1.63 (-4.95, 1.39)

VMW

 Pre-during

44.88 (2.49)

38.23 (2.49)

-6.65 (1.03)

42.33 (2.52)

35.71 (2.52)

-6.62 (1.03)

-0.03 (-2.99, 2.87)

 Pre-post

44.88 (2.49)

37.42 (2.49)

-7.46 (1.03)

42.33 (2.52)

32.82 (2.52)

-9.51 (1.03)

2.04 (-0.86, 5.04)

OB

 Pre-during

47.31 (2.74)

34.15 (2.74)

-13.16 (1.08)

42.08 (2.76)

32.19 (2.76)

-9.89 (1.08)

-3.27 (-6.12, -0.22)

 Pre-post

47.31 (2.74)

38.69 (2.74)

-8.62(1.08)

42.08 (2.76)

32.86 (2.76)

-9.22 (1.08)

0.60 (-2.28, 3.34)

WF

 Pre-during

44.66 (2.48)

38.57 (2.48)

-6.09 (1.23)

42.66 (2.49)

38.04 (2.49)

-4.63 (1.21)

-1.46 (-5.28, 1.86)

 Pre-post

44.66 (2.48)

37.33 (2.48)

-7.33 (1.23)

42.66 (2.49)

34.24 (2.49)

-8.43 (1.21)

1.10 (-2.43, 4.52)

  1. aCompares the change (pre-during or pre-post) in individual pain scores between the two groups
  2. bMCID = -10 mm
  3. cScores adjusted for age, and duration
  4. d* Negative values indicate VR group performed better than control; positive values indicate control better. CL = Carpe Lucem (cognitive/distractive); OB = Obduction (cognitive/distractive); WN = The Witness (cognitive/distractive); MW = Virtual Meditative Walk (meditative/mindfulness); WF = Wildflowers (meditative/mindfulness)