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Table 3 Summary of aggregated results for each the items of the Drummond and Jeffersons 35- item checklist

From: Landscape and challenges in economic evaluations of artificial intelligence in healthcare: a systematic review of methodology

 

Yes (%)

No (%)

Can't tell (%)

n/a (%)

Study design

 1. The research question is stated.

26 (90)

0 (0)

3 (10)

 

 2. The economic importance of the research question is stated.

8 (28)

21 (72)

0 (0)

 3. The viewpoint(s) of the analysis are clearly stated and justified.

26 (90)

3 (10)

0 (0)

 4. The rationale for choosing alternative programmes or interventions compared is stated.

28 (97)

1 (3)

0 (0)

 5. The alternatives being compared are clearly described.

26 (90)

0 (0)

3 (10)

 6. The form of economic evaluation used is stated.

29 (100)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 7. The choice of form of economic evaluation is justified in relation to the questions addressed.

0 (0)

29 (100)

0 (0)

Data collection

 8. The source(s) of effectiveness estimates used are stated.

29 (100)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 9. Details of the design and results of effectiveness study are given (if based on a single study).

4 (14)

0 (0)

0 (0)

25 (86)

 10. Details of the methods of synthesis or meta-analysis of estimates are given (if based on a synthesis of a number of effectiveness studies).

23 (79)

0 (0)

0 (0)

6 (21)

 11. The primary outcome measure(s) for the economic evaluation are clearly stated.

28 (97)

1 (3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 12. Methods to value benefits are stated.

25 (86)

4 (14)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 13. Details of the subjects from whom valuations were obtained were given.

8 (28)

21 (72)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 14. Productivity changes (if included) are reported separately.

6 (21)

0 (0)

0 (0)

23 (79)

 15. The relevance of productivity changes to the study question is discussed.

3 (10)

3 (10)

1 (3)

22 (76)

 16. Quantities of resource use are reported separately from their unit costs.

12 (41)

17 (59)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 17. Methods for the estimation of quantities and unit costs are described.

19 (65)

7 (24)

3 (10)

0 (0)

 18. Currency and price data are recorded.

22 (76)

0 (0)

7 (24)

0 (0)

 19. Details of currency of price adjustments for inflation or currency conversion are given.

22 (76)

7 (24)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 20. Details of any model used are given.

29 (100)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 21. The choice of model used and the key parameters on which it is based are justified.

29 (100)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Analysis and interpretation of results

 22. Time horizon of costs and benefits is stated.

26 (90)

3 (10)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 23. The discount rate(s) is stated.

25 (86)

4 (14)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 24. The choice of discount rate(s) is justified.

8 (28)

18 (62)

0 (0)

3 (10)

 25. An explanation is given if costs and benefits are not discounted.

4 (14)

4 (14)

0 (0)

21 (72)

 26. Details of statistical tests and confidence intervals are given for stochastic data.

19 (65)

10 (34)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 27. The approach to sensitivity analysis is given.

28 (97)

1 (3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 28. The choice of variables for sensitivity analysis is justified.

26 (90)

3 (10)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 29. The ranges over which the variables are varied are justified.

20 (69)

9 (31)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 30. Relevant alternatives are compared.

22 (76)

0 (0)

7 (24)

0 (0)

 31. Incremental analysis is reported.

18 (62)

4 (14)

7 (24)

0 (0)

 32. Major outcomes are presented in a disaggregated as well as aggregated form.

21 (72)

8 (28)

0 (0)

 

 33. The answer to the study question is given.

21 (72)

3 (10)

5 (17)

 34. Conclusions follow from the data reported.

20 (69)

0 (0)

9 (31)

 35. Conclusions are accompanied by the appropriate caveats.

28 (97)

1 (3)

0 (0)