Table 1 Blockchain technologies relevant to Global Patient Co-Owned Cloud (GPOC) in healthcare: overview and potential applications
From: Technical sandbox for a Global Patient co-Owned Cloud (GPOC)
Name | Algorithm | Programmable | Relevance |
|---|---|---|---|
Bitcoin | Proof of work | Yes (scripts) | The most well-known blockchain, which token has the highest crypto value. Energy inefficient at present for a GPOC |
Litecoin | Proof of work | Yes (scripts) | An open-source peer to peer cryptocurrency. May be inefficient for GPOC |
Primecoin | Proof of work | Yes | Long Cunningham chains of prime numbers is the centre of the blockchain. May be inefficient for a GPOC |
Ethereum | Proof of work/ Migrated to Proof of Stake | Yes | After Bitcoin, the most valuable token. Recently attracted attention to its grand merge where it tried to switch to proof of stake, for energy consumption reasons. Programmable widely supported smart contracts |
Peercoin | Proof of stake/Proof of Work | Yes (scripts) | An early pioneering blockchain that is presented as being sustainable. May be slower than other networks with a 10 min block-time. May have applications for the GPOC |
Bitcoin Cash | Proof of work | Yes | Derived from Bitcoin. At present may be too energy inefficient for GPOC |
Cardano | Proof of stake | Yes | First to be founded on peer-reviewed research and evidence-based methods that is currently integrating smart contract technology. May have applications for GPOC |
Tezos | Proof of stake | Yes | User-governed & user-centric movement |
Bitcoin SV | Proof of work | Yes (scripts) | A second-generation spin-off from Bitcoin |
Hedera Hashgraph | Asynchronous Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (aBFT) consensus | Yes | Does not use a classic blockchain, but a directed acyclic graph. It may apply to a GPOC system as it is privacy-enabled and GDPR compliant |
Zcash | Zero Knowledge proof | Yes | Zero-knowledge proofs for privacy protection but a digital currency. It is like the Mina protocol, using ZK-Snarks with a 75-s block time |
Monero | Proof of work | No | Anonymous, untraceable, undecipherable. It has a two-minute block time. However, may be energy inefficient for a GPOC |
Bitcoin Gold | Proof of work | Yes (scripts) | Mined on common GPUs instead of specialty ASICs. Energy inefficient for GPOC at present |
IOTA | Proof of work, TaPoW | No | Designed for Internet of Things (IoT). May be applicable for the GPOC due to its DAG-based form |
Solana | Proof of Stake | Yes, with Rust | Scalable operates on Berkeley Packet Filter with a fast 400 ms block time. May have applications for a GPOC |