Table 4 Characteristics of studies included in scoping review
Study | Study design | Sample size intervention:control | Mean age | Age range | Primary ADHD outcome | Intervention | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Mode and Type | ||||||
J Biederman et al. [21]—USA | Non-randomised open-label study | 112:336 | 35.9 | 18–55 | Medication engagement | SMS | SMS text reminders |
A Bikic et al. (2017)—Denmark | Double-blind randomised pilot study | 9:8 | 15.6 | 14–17 | Cognition, ADHD symptoms | Scientific Brain Training programme | Computer programme – game |
C.R Bruce et al. (2017)—Australia | Exploratory randomised controlled trial | 12:13 | 20.64 | 16–25 | Driving—Mean hazard perception reaction time | Drive Smart | Computer programme – game |
T.M Kennedy et al. (2022)—USA | Non-randomised observational study | 90:0 | 14.7 | 12–18 | ADHD symptoms | Ecological Momentary Assessment | Online portal – symptom assessment surveys |
S. Kennel et al. (2010)—USA | Randomized, double-blind, exploratory pilot study | 20b | 14.25 | 8–21 | Attention and impulses, Homework problems | Binaural auditory beats | CD |
J.E Leikauf et al. (2021)—USA | Open-label pilot study | 32:0 | 11c | 8–17 | ADHD symptoms | StopWatch | Digital App – wearable symptom assessment |
L Rachamim et al. (2022)—Israel | Reanalysis of randomised controlled trial | 16:22 | 11.29 | 7–18 | ADHD symptoms | d Internet-based self-help comprehensive behavioural intervention for tics | Online portal – psychoeducation |
V Ruchkin et al. (2022)—Sweden | Non-randomised feasibility study | 12:0 | 13.75 | 9–17 | Memory | Method of Loci | Digital app – game |
E Schoenfelder et al. (2017)—USA | Non-randomised pilot study | 11:0 | 15.5 | 14–18 | ADHD symptoms | Fitbit Flex | Digital App – wearable symptom assessment |